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Methods Cell Biol
2016[]; 133
(?): 139-63
PMID27263412
show ga
Morphogens were originally defined as secreted signaling molecules that diffuse
from local sources to form concentration gradients, which specify multiple cell
fates. More recently morphogen gradients have been shown to incorporate a range
of mechanisms including short-range signal activation,
transcriptional/translational feedback, and temporal windows of target gene
induction. Many critical cell-cell signals implicated in both embryonic
development and disease, such as Wnt, fibroblast growth factor (Fgf), hedgehog
(Hh), transforming growth factor beta (TGFb), and retinoic acid (RA), are thought
to act as morphogens, but key information on signal propagation and ligand
distribution has been lacking for most. The zebrafish provides unique advantages
for genetics and imaging to address gradients during early embryonic stages when
morphogens help establish major body axes. This has been particularly informative
for RA, where RA response elements (RAREs) driving fluorescent reporters as well
as Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) reporters of receptor binding
have provided evidence for gradients, as well as regulatory mechanisms that
attenuate noise and enhance gradient robustness in vivo. Here we summarize
available tools in zebrafish and discuss their utility for studying dynamic
regulation of RA morphogen gradients, through combined experimental and
computational approaches.
|Animals
[MESH]
|Body Patterning
[MESH]
|Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/*methods
[MESH]
free
free
free
