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2015 ; 4
(ä): 622
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Viscoelastic Properties of Hyaluronan in Physiological Conditions
#MMPMID26594344
Cowman MK
; Schmidt TA
; Raghavan P
; Stecco A
F1000Res
2015[]; 4
(ä): 622
PMID26594344
show ga
Hyaluronan (HA) is a high molecular weight glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular
matrix (ECM), which is particularly abundant in soft connective tissues.
Solutions of HA can be highly viscous with non-Newtonian flow properties. These
properties affect the movement of HA-containing fluid layers within and
underlying the deep fascia. Changes in the concentration, molecular weight, or
even covalent modification of HA in inflammatory conditions, as well as changes
in binding interactions with other macromolecules, can have dramatic effects on
the sliding movement of fascia. The high molecular weight and the semi-flexible
chain of HA are key factors leading to the high viscosity of dilute solutions,
and real HA solutions show additional nonideality and greatly increased viscosity
due to mutual macromolecular crowding. The shear rate dependence of the
viscosity, and the viscoelasticity of HA solutions, depend on the relaxation time
of the molecule, which in turn depends on the HA concentration and molecular
weight. Temperature can also have an effect on these properties. High viscosity
can additionally affect the lubricating function of HA solutions. Immobility can
increase the concentration of HA, increase the viscosity, and reduce lubrication
and gliding of the layers of connective tissue and muscle. Over time, these
changes can alter both muscle structure and function. Inflammation can further
increase the viscosity of HA-containing fluids if the HA is modified via covalent
attachment of heavy chains derived from Inter-?-Inhibitor. Hyaluronidase
hydrolyzes HA, thus reducing its molecular weight, lowering the viscosity of the
extracellular matrix fluid and making outflow easier. It can also disrupt any
aggregates or gel-like structures that result from HA being modified.
Hyaluronidase is used medically primarily as a dispersion agent, but may also be
useful in conditions where altered viscosity of the fascia is desired, such as in
the treatment of muscle stiffness.