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2015 ; 2
(1
): 2-13
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Viruses, Other Pathogenic Microorganisms and Esophageal Cancer
#MMPMID26674173
Xu W
; Liu Z
; Bao Q
; Qian Z
Gastrointest Tumors
2015[May]; 2
(1
): 2-13
PMID26674173
show ga
BACKGROUND: Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth most prevalent malignant tumor
and the sixth leading cause of cancer mortality throughout the world. Despite the
technical developments in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year survival rate is
still low. The etiology of EC remains poorly understood; multiple risk factors
may be involved and account for the great variation in EC incidence in different
geographic regions. SUMMARY: Infection with carcinogenetic pathogens has been
proposed as a risk factor for EC. This review explores the recent studies on the
association of human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Helicobacter
pylori and esophageal bacterial biota with EC. KEY MESSAGE: Among the
above-mentioned pathogens, HPV most likely contributes to esophageal squamous
cell carcinoma (ESCC) in high-risk populations. New techniques are being applied
to studies on the role of infection in EC, which will inevitably bring novel
ideas to the field in the near future. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Multiple
meta-analyses support the finding of a higher HPV detection rate in regions
associated with high risk for ESCC compared to low-risk areas. A potential role
of HPV in the rise of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) was proposed recently.
However, further studies are required before a firm conclusion can be drawn. Less
work has been done in studying the association between EBV and ESCC, and the
results are quite controversial. H. pylori infection is found to be inversely
related to EC, which is probably due to the reduced incidence of gastroesophageal
reflux disease. Analysis of the esophageal bacterial biota revealed distinct
clusters of bacteria in normal and diseased esophagi. A type II microbiome rich
in Gram-negative bacteria potentially contributes to EAC by inducing chronic
inflammation. Novel findings from such studies as these may benefit public health
by justifying anti-infection measures to prevent EC.