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2019 ; 198
(2
): 170-183
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Vaccines for emerging pathogens: prospects for licensure
#MMPMID30972733
Williamson ED
; Westlake GE
Clin Exp Immunol
2019[Nov]; 198
(2
): 170-183
PMID30972733
show ga
Globally, there are a number of emerging pathogens. For most, there are no
licensed vaccines available for human use, although there is ongoing research and
development. However, given the extensive and increasing list of emerging
pathogens and the investment required to bring vaccines into clinical use, the
task is huge. Overlaid on this task is the risk of anti-microbial resistance
(AMR) acquisition by micro-organisms which can endow a relatively harmless
organism with pathogenic potential. Furthermore, climate change also introduces a
challenge by causing some of the insect vectors and environmental conditions
prevalent in tropical regions to begin to spread out from these traditional
areas, thus increasing the risk of migration of zoonotic disease. Vaccination
provides a defence against these emerging pathogens. However, vaccines for
pathogens which cause severe, but occasional, disease outbreaks in endemic
pockets have suffered from a lack of commercial incentive for development to a
clinical standard, encompassing Phase III clinical trials for efficacy. An
alternative is to develop such vaccines to request US Emergency Use Authorization
(EUA), or equivalent status in the United States, Canada and the European Union,
making use of a considerable number of regulatory mechanisms that are available
prior to licensing. This review covers the status of vaccine development for some
of the emerging pathogens, the hurdles that need to be overcome to achieve EUA or
an equivalent regional or national status and how these considerations may impact
vaccine development for the future, such that a more comprehensive stockpile of
promising vaccines can be achieved.
|*Communicable Diseases, Emerging/immunology/prevention & control
[MESH]