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2018 ; 9
(ä): 172
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Unifying Theories of Psychedelic Drug Effects
#MMPMID29568270
Swanson LR
Front Pharmacol
2018[]; 9
(ä): 172
PMID29568270
show ga
How do psychedelic drugs produce their characteristic range of acute effects in
perception, emotion, cognition, and sense of self? How do these effects relate to
the clinical efficacy of psychedelic-assisted therapies? Efforts to understand
psychedelic phenomena date back more than a century in Western science. In this
article I review theories of psychedelic drug effects and highlight key concepts
which have endured over the last 125 years of psychedelic science. First, I
describe the subjective phenomenology of acute psychedelic effects using the best
available data. Next, I review late 19th-century and early 20th-century
theories-model psychoses theory, filtration theory, and psychoanalytic theory-and
highlight their shared features. I then briefly review recent findings on the
neuropharmacology and neurophysiology of psychedelic drugs in humans. Finally, I
describe recent theories of psychedelic drug effects which leverage 21st-century
cognitive neuroscience frameworks-entropic brain theory, integrated information
theory, and predictive processing-and point out key shared features that link
back to earlier theories. I identify an abstract principle which cuts across many
theories past and present: psychedelic drugs perturb universal brain processes
that normally serve to constrain neural systems central to perception, emotion,
cognition, and sense of self. I conclude that making an explicit effort to
investigate the principles and mechanisms of psychedelic drug effects is a
uniquely powerful way to iteratively develop and test unifying theories of brain
function.