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2016 ; 311
(1
): C1-C14
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Tumor cell intravasation
#MMPMID27076614
Chiang SP
; Cabrera RM
; Segall JE
Am J Physiol Cell Physiol
2016[Jul]; 311
(1
): C1-C14
PMID27076614
show ga
The process of entering the bloodstream, intravasation, is a necessary step in
the development of distant metastases. The focus of this review is on the
pathways and molecules that have been identified as being important based on
current in vitro and in vivo assays for intravasation. Properties of the
vasculature which are important for intravasation include microvessel density and
also diameter of the vasculature, with increased intravasation correlating with
increased vessel diameter in some tumors. TGFB signaling can enhance
intravasation at least in part through induction of EMT, and we discuss other
TGFB target genes that are important for intravasation. In addition to TGFB
signaling, a number of studies have demonstrated that activation of EGF receptor
family members stimulates intravasation, with downstream signaling through PI3K,
N-WASP, RhoA, and WASP to induce invadopodia. With respect to proteases, there is
strong evidence for contributions by uPA/uPAR, while the roles of MMPs in
intravasation may be more tumor specific. Other cells including macrophages,
fibroblasts, neutrophils, and platelets can also play a role in enhancing tumor
cell intravasation. The technology is now available to interrogate the expression
patterns of circulating tumor cells, which will provide an important reality
check for the model systems being used. With a better understanding of the
mechanisms underlying intravasation, the goal is to provide new opportunities for
improving prognosis as well as potentially developing new treatments.
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