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2017 ; 13
(5
): e1005457
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Transcriptomics technologies
#MMPMID28545146
Lowe R
; Shirley N
; Bleackley M
; Dolan S
; Shafee T
PLoS Comput Biol
2017[May]; 13
(5
): e1005457
PMID28545146
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Transcriptomics technologies are the techniques used to study an organism's
transcriptome, the sum of all of its RNA transcripts. The information content of
an organism is recorded in the DNA of its genome and expressed through
transcription. Here, mRNA serves as a transient intermediary molecule in the
information network, whilst noncoding RNAs perform additional diverse functions.
A transcriptome captures a snapshot in time of the total transcripts present in a
cell. The first attempts to study the whole transcriptome began in the early
1990s, and technological advances since the late 1990s have made transcriptomics
a widespread discipline. Transcriptomics has been defined by repeated
technological innovations that transform the field. There are two key
contemporary techniques in the field: microarrays, which quantify a set of
predetermined sequences, and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), which uses high-throughput
sequencing to capture all sequences. Measuring the expression of an organism's
genes in different tissues, conditions, or time points gives information on how
genes are regulated and reveals details of an organism's biology. It can also
help to infer the functions of previously unannotated genes. Transcriptomic
analysis has enabled the study of how gene expression changes in different
organisms and has been instrumental in the understanding of human disease. An
analysis of gene expression in its entirety allows detection of broad coordinated
trends which cannot be discerned by more targeted assays.
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