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Toxin-Antitoxin Systems of Staphylococcus aureus
#MMPMID27164142
Schuster CF
; Bertram R
Toxins (Basel)
2016[May]; 8
(5
): ä PMID27164142
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Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of
prokaryotes. They encode toxin proteins that interfere with vital cellular
functions and are counteracted by antitoxins. Dependent on the chemical nature of
the antitoxins (protein or RNA) and how they control the activity of the toxin,
TA systems are currently divided into six different types. Genes comprising the
TA types I, II and III have been identified in Staphylococcus aureus. MazF, the
toxin of the mazEF locus is a sequence-specific RNase that cleaves a number of
transcripts, including those encoding pathogenicity factors. Two yefM-yoeB
paralogs represent two independent, but auto-regulated TA systems that give rise
to ribosome-dependent RNases. In addition, omega/epsilon/zeta constitutes a
tripartite TA system that supposedly plays a role in the stabilization of
resistance factors. The SprA1/SprA1AS and SprF1/SprG1 systems are
post-transcriptionally regulated by RNA antitoxins and encode small membrane
damaging proteins. TA systems controlled by interaction between toxin protein and
antitoxin RNA have been identified in S. aureus in silico, but not yet
experimentally proven. A closer inspection of possible links between TA systems
and S. aureus pathophysiology will reveal, if these genetic loci may represent
druggable targets. The modification of a staphylococcal TA toxin to a
cyclopeptide antibiotic highlights the potential of TA systems as rather untapped
sources of drug discovery.
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