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2017 ; 18
(5
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English Wikipedia
Theranostic Probes for Targeting Tumor Microenvironment: An Overview
#MMPMID28492519
Sikkandhar MG
; Nedumaran AM
; Ravichandar R
; Singh S
; Santhakumar I
; Goh ZC
; Mishra S
; Archunan G
; Gulyás B
; Padmanabhan P
Int J Mol Sci
2017[May]; 18
(5
): ä PMID28492519
show ga
Long gone is the time when tumors were thought to be insular masses of cells,
residing independently at specific sites in an organ. Now, researchers gradually
realize that tumors interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM), blood vessels,
connective tissues, and immune cells in their environment, which is now known as
the tumor microenvironment (TME). It has been found that the interactions between
tumors and their surrounds promote tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. The
dynamics and diversity of TME cause the tumors to be heterogeneous and thus pose
a challenge for cancer diagnosis, drug design, and therapy. As TME is significant
in enhancing tumor progression, it is vital to identify the different components
in the TME such as tumor vasculature, ECM, stromal cells, and the lymphatic
system. This review explores how these significant factors in the TME, supply
tumors with the required growth factors and signaling molecules to proliferate,
invade, and metastasize. We also examine the development of TME-targeted
nanotheranostics over the recent years for cancer therapy, diagnosis, and
anticancer drug delivery systems. This review further discusses the limitations
and future perspective of nanoparticle based theranostics when used in
combination with current imaging modalities like Optical Imaging, Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Nuclear Imaging (Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
and Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT)).