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2015 ; 166
(ä): 51-83
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Theranostic Magnetic Nanostructures (MNS) for Cancer
#MMPMID25895864
Nandwana V
; De M
; Chu S
; Jaiswal M
; Rotz M
; Meade TJ
; Dravid VP
Cancer Treat Res
2015[]; 166
(ä): 51-83
PMID25895864
show ga
Despite the complexities of cancer, remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic
advances have been made during the past decade, which include improved genetic,
molecular, and nanoscale understanding of the disease. Physical science and
engineering, and nanotechnology in particular, have contributed to these
developments through out-of-the-box ideas and initiatives from perspectives that
are far removed from classical biological and medicinal aspects of cancer.
Nanostructures, in particular, are being effectively utilized in
sensing/diagnostics of cancer while nanoscale carriers are able to deliver
therapeutic cargo for timed and controlled release at localized tumor sites.
Magnetic nanostructures (MNS) have especially attracted considerable attention of
researchers to address cancer diagnostics and therapy. A significant part of the
promise of MNS lies in their potential for "theranostic" applications, wherein
diagnostics makes use of the enhanced localized contrast in magnetic resonance
imaging (MRI) while therapy leverages the ability of MNS to heat under external
radio frequency (RF) field for thermal therapy or use of thermal activation for
release of therapy cargo. In this chapter, we report some of the key developments
in recent years in regard to MNS as potential theranostic carriers. We describe
that the r?relaxivity of MNS can be maximized by allowing water (proton)
diffusion in the vicinity of MNS by polyethylene glycol (PEG) anchoring, which
also facilitates excellent fluidic stability in various media and extended in
vivo circulation while maintaining high r?values needed for T?-weighted MRI
contrast. Further, the specific absorption rate (SAR) required for thermal
activation of MNS can be tailored by controlling composition and size of MNS.
Together, emerging MNS show considerable promise to realize theranostic
potential. We discuss that properly functionalized MNS can be designed to provide
remarkable in vivo stability and accompanying pharmacokinetics exhibit organ
localization that can be tailored for specific applications. In this context,
even iron-based MNS show extended circulation as well as diverse organ
accumulation beyond liver, which otherwise renders MNS potentially toxic to liver
function. We believe that MNS, including those based on iron oxides, have entered
a renaissance era where intelligent synthesis, functionalization, stabilization,
and targeting provide ample evidence for applications in localized cancer
theranostics.
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