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2015 ; 407
(28
): 8605-15
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Theoretical limitations of quantification for noncompetitive sandwich
immunoassays
#MMPMID26342315
Woolley CF
; Hayes MA
; Mahanti P
; Douglass Gilman S
; Taylor T
Anal Bioanal Chem
2015[Nov]; 407
(28
): 8605-15
PMID26342315
show ga
Immunoassays exploit the highly selective interaction between antibodies and
antigens to provide a vital method for biomolecule detection at low
concentrations. Developers and practitioners of immunoassays have long known that
non-specific binding often restricts immunoassay limits of quantification (LOQs).
Aside from non-specific binding, most efforts by analytical chemists to reduce
the LOQ for these techniques have focused on improving the signal amplification
methods and minimizing the limitations of the detection system. However, with
detection technology now capable of sensing single-fluorescence molecules, this
approach is unlikely to lead to dramatic improvements in the future. Here,
fundamental interactions based on the law of mass action are analytically
connected to signal generation, replacing the four- and five-parameter fittings
commercially used to approximate sigmoidal immunoassay curves and allowing
quantitative consideration of non-specific binding and statistical limitations in
order to understand the ultimate detection capabilities of immunoassays. The
restrictions imposed on limits of quantification by instrumental noise,
non-specific binding, and counting statistics are discussed based on equilibrium
relations for a sandwich immunoassay. Understanding the maximal capabilities of
immunoassays for each of these regimes can greatly assist in the development and
evaluation of immunoassay platforms. While many studies suggest that single
molecule detection is possible through immunoassay techniques, here, it is
demonstrated that the fundamental limit of quantification (precision of 10 % or
better) for an immunoassay is approximately 131 molecules and this limit is based
on fundamental and unavoidable statistical limitations.