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2018 ; 223
(2
): e13066
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The stressed brain of humans and rodents
#MMPMID29575542
Joëls M
; Karst H
; Sarabdjitsingh RA
Acta Physiol (Oxf)
2018[Jun]; 223
(2
): e13066
PMID29575542
show ga
After stress, the brain is exposed to waves of stress mediators, including
corticosterone (in rodents) and cortisol (in humans). Corticosteroid hormones
affect neuronal physiology in two time-domains: rapid, non-genomic actions
primarily via mineralocorticoid receptors; and delayed genomic effects via
glucocorticoid receptors. In parallel, cognitive processing is affected by stress
hormones. Directly after stress, emotional behaviour involving the amygdala is
strongly facilitated with cognitively a strong emphasis on the "now" and "self,"
at the cost of higher cognitive processing. This enables the organism to quickly
and adequately respond to the situation at hand. Several hours later, emotional
circuits are dampened while functions related to the prefrontal cortex and
hippocampus are promoted. This allows the individual to rationalize the stressful
event and place it in the right context, which is beneficial in the long run. The
brain's response to stress depends on an individual's genetic background in
interaction with life events. Studies in rodents point to the possibility to
prevent or reverse long-term consequences of early life adversity on cognitive
processing, by normalizing the balance between the two receptor types for
corticosteroid hormones at a critical moment just before the onset of puberty.