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2015 ; 112
(11
): 3275-9
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The second laws of quantum thermodynamics
#MMPMID25675476
Brandão F
; Horodecki M
; Ng N
; Oppenheim J
; Wehner S
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2015[Mar]; 112
(11
): 3275-9
PMID25675476
show ga
The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It
applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one
can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are
interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this
regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the
second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the
macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but
an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which
generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The
ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing
additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which
determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how
cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the
usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which
remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant
for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting
via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal
operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the
first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an
equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being
monotonicity of our generalized free energies.
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