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2016 ; 13
(123
): ä Nephropedia Template TP
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The role of amino acids in hydroxyapatite mineralization
#MMPMID27707904
Tavafoghi M
; Cerruti M
J R Soc Interface
2016[Oct]; 13
(123
): ä PMID27707904
show ga
Polar and charged amino acids (AAs) are heavily expressed in non-collagenous
proteins (NCPs), and are involved in hydroxyapatite (HA) mineralization in bone.
Here, we review what is known on the effect of single AAs on HA precipitation.
Negatively charged AAs, such as aspartic acid, glutamic acid (Glu) and
phosphoserine are largely expressed in NCPs and play a critical role in
controlling HA nucleation and growth. Positively charged ones such as arginine
(Arg) or lysine (Lys) are heavily involved in HA nucleation within extracellular
matrix proteins such as collagen. Glu, Arg and Lys intake can also increase bone
mineral density by stimulating growth hormone production. In vitro studies
suggest that the role of AAs in controlling HA precipitation is affected by their
mobility. While dissolved AAs are able to inhibit HA precipitation and growth by
chelating Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) ions or binding to nuclei of calcium phosphate and
preventing their further growth, AAs bound to surfaces can promote HA
precipitation by attracting Ca(2+) and PO(4)(3-) ions and increasing the local
supersaturation. Overall, the effect of AAs on HA precipitation is worth being
investigated more, especially under conditions closer to the physiological ones,
where the presence of other factors such as collagen, mineralization inhibitors,
and cells heavily influences HA precipitation. A deeper understanding of the role
of AAs in HA mineralization will increase our fundamental knowledge related to
bone formation, and could lead to new therapies to improve bone regeneration in
damaged tissues or cure pathological diseases caused by excessive mineralization
in tissues such as cartilage, blood vessels and cardiac valves.
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