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2013 ; 111
(6
): 1251-61
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The phylogenetic distribution of extrafloral nectaries in plants
#MMPMID23087129
Weber MG
; Keeler KH
Ann Bot
2013[Jun]; 111
(6
): 1251-61
PMID23087129
show ga
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Understanding the evolutionary patterns of ecologically
relevant traits is a central goal in plant biology. However, for most important
traits, we lack the comprehensive understanding of their taxonomic distribution
needed to evaluate their evolutionary mode and tempo across the tree of life.
Here we evaluate the broad phylogenetic patterns of a common plant-defence trait
found across vascular plants: extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), plant glands that
secrete nectar and are located outside the flower. EFNs typically defend plants
indirectly by attracting invertebrate predators who reduce herbivory. METHODS:
Records of EFNs published over the last 135 years were compiled. After accounting
for changes in taxonomy, phylogenetic comparative methods were used to evaluate
patterns of EFN evolution, using a phylogeny of over 55 000 species of vascular
plants. Using comparisons of parametric and non-parametric models, the true
number of species with EFNs likely to exist beyond the current list was
estimated. KEY RESULTS: To date, EFNs have been reported in 3941 species
representing 745 genera in 108 families, about 1-2 % of vascular plant species
and approx. 21 % of families. They are found in 33 of 65 angiosperm orders.
Foliar nectaries are known in four of 36 fern families. Extrafloral nectaries are
unknown in early angiosperms, magnoliids and gymnosperms. They occur throughout
monocotyledons, yet most EFNs are found within eudicots, with the bulk of species
with EFNs being rosids. Phylogenetic analyses strongly support the repeated gain
and loss of EFNs across plant clades, especially in more derived dicot families,
and suggest that EFNs are found in a minimum of 457 independent lineages.
However, model selection methods estimate that the number of unreported cases of
EFNs may be as high as the number of species already reported. CONCLUSIONS: EFNs
are widespread and evolutionarily labile traits that have repeatedly evolved a
remarkable number of times in vascular plants. Our current understanding of the
phylogenetic patterns of EFNs makes them powerful candidates for future work
exploring the drivers of their evolutionary origins, shifts, and losses.
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