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2014 ; 426
(23
): 3830-7
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The molecular basis of bacterial-insect symbiosis
#MMPMID24735869
Douglas AE
J Mol Biol
2014[Nov]; 426
(23
): 3830-7
PMID24735869
show ga
Insects provide experimentally tractable and cost-effective model systems to
investigate the molecular basis of animal-bacterial interactions. Recent research
is revealing the central role of the insect innate immune system, especially
anti-microbial peptides and reactive oxygen species, in regulating the abundance
and composition of the microbiota in various insects, including Drosophila and
the mosquitoes Aedes and Anopheles. Interactions between the immune system and
microbiota are, however, bidirectional with evidence that members of the resident
microbiota can promote immune function, conferring resistance to pathogens and
parasites by both activation of immune effectors and production of toxins.
Antagonistic and mutualistic interactions among bacteria have also been
implicated as determinants of the microbiota composition, including exclusion of
pathogens, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Some bacteria are
crucial for insect nutrition, through provisioning of specific nutrients (e.g., B
vitamins, essential amino acids) and modulation of the insect nutritional sensing
and signaling pathways (e.g., insulin signaling) that regulate nutrient
allocation, especially to lipid and other energy reserves. A key challenge for
future research is to identify the molecular interaction between specific
bacterial effectors and animal receptors, as well as to determine how these
interactions translate into microbiota-dependent signaling, metabolism, and
immune function in the host.