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2015 ; 370
(1670
): 20140087
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The human gut resistome
#MMPMID25918444
van Schaik W
Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
2015[Jun]; 370
(1670
): 20140087
PMID25918444
show ga
In recent decades, the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance among
bacterial pathogens has become a major threat to public health. Bacteria can
acquire antibiotic resistance genes by the mobilization and transfer of
resistance genes from a donor strain. The human gut contains a densely populated
microbial ecosystem, termed the gut microbiota, which offers ample opportunities
for the horizontal transfer of genetic material, including antibiotic resistance
genes. Recent technological advances allow microbiota-wide studies into the
diversity and dynamics of the antibiotic resistance genes that are harboured by
the gut microbiota ('the gut resistome'). Genes conferring resistance to
antibiotics are ubiquitously present among the gut microbiota of humans and most
resistance genes are harboured by strictly anaerobic gut commensals. The
horizontal transfer of genetic material, including antibiotic resistance genes,
through conjugation and transduction is a frequent event in the gut microbiota,
but mostly involves non-pathogenic gut commensals as these dominate the
microbiota of healthy individuals. Resistance gene transfer from commensals to
gut-dwelling opportunistic pathogens appears to be a relatively rare event but
may contribute to the emergence of multi-drug resistant strains, as is
illustrated by the vancomycin resistance determinants that are shared by
anaerobic gut commensals and the nosocomial pathogen Enterococcus faecium.
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