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2016 ; 8
(1
): 51
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The healthy human microbiome
#MMPMID27122046
Lloyd-Price J
; Abu-Ali G
; Huttenhower C
Genome Med
2016[Apr]; 8
(1
): 51
PMID27122046
show ga
Humans are virtually identical in their genetic makeup, yet the small differences
in our DNA give rise to tremendous phenotypic diversity across the human
population. By contrast, the metagenome of the human microbiome-the total DNA
content of microbes inhabiting our bodies-is quite a bit more variable, with only
a third of its constituent genes found in a majority of healthy individuals.
Understanding this variability in the "healthy microbiome" has thus been a major
challenge in microbiome research, dating back at least to the 1960s, continuing
through the Human Microbiome Project and beyond. Cataloguing the necessary and
sufficient sets of microbiome features that support health, and the normal ranges
of these features in healthy populations, is an essential first step to
identifying and correcting microbial configurations that are implicated in
disease. Toward this goal, several population-scale studies have documented the
ranges and diversity of both taxonomic compositions and functional potentials
normally observed in the microbiomes of healthy populations, along with possible
driving factors such as geography, diet, and lifestyle. Here, we review several
definitions of a 'healthy microbiome' that have emerged, the current
understanding of the ranges of healthy microbial diversity, and gaps such as the
characterization of molecular function and the development of ecological
therapies to be addressed in the future.