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2017 ; 13
(3
): e1006292
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The blood DNA virome in 8,000 humans
#MMPMID28328962
Moustafa A
; Xie C
; Kirkness E
; Biggs W
; Wong E
; Turpaz Y
; Bloom K
; Delwart E
; Nelson KE
; Venter JC
; Telenti A
PLoS Pathog
2017[Mar]; 13
(3
): e1006292
PMID28328962
show ga
The characterization of the blood virome is important for the safety of
blood-derived transfusion products, and for the identification of emerging
pathogens. We explored non-human sequence data from whole-genome sequencing of
blood from 8,240 individuals, none of whom were ascertained for any infectious
disease. Viral sequences were extracted from the pool of sequence reads that did
not map to the human reference genome. Analyses sifted through close to 1
Petabyte of sequence data and performed 0.5 trillion similarity searches. With a
lower bound for identification of 2 viral genomes/100,000 cells, we mapped
sequences to 94 different viruses, including sequences from 19 human DNA viruses,
proviruses and RNA viruses (herpesviruses, anelloviruses, papillomaviruses, three
polyomaviruses, adenovirus, HIV, HTLV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, parvovirus B19,
and influenza virus) in 42% of the study participants. Of possible relevance to
transfusion medicine, we identified Merkel cell polyomavirus in 49 individuals,
papillomavirus in blood of 13 individuals, parvovirus B19 in 6 individuals, and
the presence of herpesvirus 8 in 3 individuals. The presence of DNA sequences
from two RNA viruses was unexpected: Hepatitis C virus is revealing of an
integration event, while the influenza virus sequence resulted from immunization
with a DNA vaccine. Age, sex and ancestry contributed significantly to the
prevalence of infection. The remaining 75 viruses mostly reflect extensive
contamination of commercial reagents and from the environment. These technical
problems represent a major challenge for the identification of novel human
pathogens. Increasing availability of human whole-genome sequences will
contribute substantial amounts of data on the composition of the normal and
pathogenic human blood virome. Distinguishing contaminants from real human
viruses is challenging.
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