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2015 ; 112
(51
): 15690-5
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The bioenergetic costs of a gene
#MMPMID26575626
Lynch M
; Marinov GK
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2015[Dec]; 112
(51
): 15690-5
PMID26575626
show ga
An enduring mystery of evolutionary genomics concerns the mechanisms responsible
for lineage-specific expansions of genome size in eukaryotes, especially in
multicellular species. One idea is that all excess DNA is mutationally hazardous,
but weakly enough so that genome-size expansion passively emerges in species
experiencing relatively low efficiency of selection owing to small effective
population sizes. Another idea is that substantial gene additions were impossible
without the energetic boost provided by the colonizing mitochondrion in the
eukaryotic lineage. Contrary to this latter view, analysis of cellular energetics
and genomics data from a wide variety of species indicates that, relative to the
lifetime ATP requirements of a cell, the costs of a gene at the DNA, RNA, and
protein levels decline with cell volume in both bacteria and eukaryotes.
Moreover, these costs are usually sufficiently large to be perceived by natural
selection in bacterial populations, but not in eukaryotes experiencing high
levels of random genetic drift. Thus, for scaling reasons that are not yet
understood, by virtue of their large size alone, eukaryotic cells are subject to
a broader set of opportunities for the colonization of novel genes manifesting
weakly advantageous or even transiently disadvantageous phenotypic effects. These
results indicate that the origin of the mitochondrion was not a prerequisite for
genome-size expansion.
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