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2015 ; 12
(ä): 4
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The Solar Cycle
#MMPMID27194958
Hathaway DH
Living Rev Sol Phys
2015[]; 12
(ä): 4
PMID27194958
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The solar cycle is reviewed. The 11-year cycle of solar activity is characterized
by the rise and fall in the numbers and surface area of sunspots. A number of
other solar activity indicators also vary in association with the sunspots
including; the 10.7 cm radio flux, the total solar irradiance, the magnetic
field, flares and coronal mass ejections, geomagnetic activity, galactic cosmic
ray fluxes, and radioisotopes in tree rings and ice cores. Individual solar
cycles are characterized by their maxima and minima, cycle periods and
amplitudes, cycle shape, the equatorward drift of the active latitudes,
hemispheric asymmetries, and active longitudes. Cycle-to-cycle variability
includes the Maunder Minimum, the Gleissberg Cycle, and the Gnevyshev-Ohl
(even-odd) Rule. Short-term variability includes the 154-day periodicity,
quasi-biennial variations, and double-peaked maxima. We conclude with an
examination of prediction techniques for the solar cycle and a closer look at
cycles 23 and 24. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: Supplementary material is
available for this article at 10.1007/lrsp-2015-4.