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2016 ; 37
(2
): 51-62
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The Regulation of Iron Absorption and Homeostasis
#MMPMID28303071
Wallace DF
Clin Biochem Rev
2016[May]; 37
(2
): 51-62
PMID28303071
show ga
Iron is an essential element in biology, required for numerous cellular
processes. Either too much or too little iron can be detrimental, and organisms
have developed mechanisms for balancing iron within safe limits. In mammals there
are no controlled mechanisms for the excretion of excess iron, hence body iron
homeostasis is regulated at the sites of absorption, utilisation and recycling.
This review will discuss the discoveries that have been made in the past 20 years
into advancing our understanding of iron homeostasis and its regulation. The
study of iron-associated disorders, such as the iron overload condition
hereditary haemochromatosis and various forms of anaemia have been instrumental
in increasing our knowledge in this area, as have cellular and animal model
studies. The liver has emerged as the major site of systemic iron regulation,
being the location where the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin is produced.
Hepcidin is a negative regulator of iron absorption and recycling, achieving this
by binding to the only known cellular iron exporter ferroportin and causing its
internalisation and degradation, thereby reducing iron efflux from target cells
and reducing serum iron levels. Much of the research in the iron metabolism field
has focussed on the regulation of hepcidin and its interaction with ferroportin.
The advances in this area have greatly increased our knowledge of iron metabolism
and its regulation and have led to the development of novel diagnostics and
therapeutics for iron-associated disorders.