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2016 ; 16
(8
): ä Nephropedia Template TP
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English Wikipedia
The Quanta Image Sensor: Every Photon Counts
#MMPMID27517926
Fossum ER
; Ma J
; Masoodian S
; Anzagira L
; Zizza R
Sensors (Basel)
2016[Aug]; 16
(8
): ä PMID27517926
show ga
The Quanta Image Sensor (QIS) was conceived when contemplating shrinking pixel
sizes and storage capacities, and the steady increase in digital processing
power. In the single-bit QIS, the output of each field is a binary bit plane,
where each bit represents the presence or absence of at least one photoelectron
in a photodetector. A series of bit planes is generated through high-speed
readout, and a kernel or "cubicle" of bits (x, y, t) is used to create a single
output image pixel. The size of the cubicle can be adjusted post-acquisition to
optimize image quality. The specialized sub-diffraction-limit photodetectors in
the QIS are referred to as "jots" and a QIS may have a gigajot or more, read out
at 1000 fps, for a data rate exceeding 1 Tb/s. Basically, we are trying to count
photons as they arrive at the sensor. This paper reviews the QIS concept and its
imaging characteristics. Recent progress towards realizing the QIS for commercial
and scientific purposes is discussed. This includes implementation of a pump-gate
jot device in a 65 nm CIS BSI process yielding read noise as low as 0.22 e-
r.m.s. and conversion gain as high as 420 µV/e-, power efficient readout
electronics, currently as low as 0.4 pJ/b in the same process, creating high
dynamic range images from jot data, and understanding the imaging characteristics
of single-bit and multi-bit QIS devices. The QIS represents a possible major
paradigm shift in image capture.
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