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2015 ; 11
(12
): e1005687
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The Epitranscriptome and Innate Immunity
#MMPMID26658668
O'Connell MA
; Mannion NM
; Keegan LP
PLoS Genet
2015[Dec]; 11
(12
): e1005687
PMID26658668
show ga
Our knowledge of the variety and abundances of RNA base modifications is rapidly
increasing. Modified bases have critical roles in tRNAs, rRNAs, translation,
splicing, RNA interference, and other RNA processes, and are now increasingly
detected in all types of transcripts. Can new biological principles associated
with this diversity of RNA modifications, particularly in mRNAs and long
non-coding RNAs, be identified? This review will explore this question by
focusing primarily on adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing by the adenine
deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) enzymes that have been intensively studied for the
past 20 years and have a wide range of effects. Over 100 million adenosine to
inosine editing sites have been identified in the human transcriptome, mostly in
embedded Alu sequences that form potentially innate immune-stimulating dsRNA
hairpins in transcripts. Recent research has demonstrated that inosine in the
epitranscriptome and ADAR1 protein establish innate immune tolerance for host
dsRNA formed by endogenous sequences. Innate immune sensors that detect viral
nucleic acids are among the readers of epitranscriptome RNA modifications, though
this does preclude a wide range of other modification effects.