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2017 ; 11
(ä): 15
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The Brainstem in Emotion: A Review
#MMPMID28337130
Venkatraman A
; Edlow BL
; Immordino-Yang MH
Front Neuroanat
2017[]; 11
(ä): 15
PMID28337130
show ga
Emotions depend upon the integrated activity of neural networks that modulate
arousal, autonomic function, motor control, and somatosensation. Brainstem nodes
play critical roles in each of these networks, but prior studies of the
neuroanatomic basis of emotion, particularly in the human neuropsychological
literature, have mostly focused on the contributions of cortical rather than
subcortical structures. Given the size and complexity of brainstem circuits,
elucidating their structural and functional properties involves technical
challenges. However, recent advances in neuroimaging have begun to accelerate
research into the brainstem's role in emotion. In this review, we provide a
conceptual framework for neuroscience, psychology and behavioral science
researchers to study brainstem involvement in human emotions. The "emotional
brainstem" is comprised of three major networks - Ascending, Descending and
Modulatory. The Ascending network is composed chiefly of the spinothalamic tracts
and their projections to brainstem nuclei, which transmit sensory information
from the body to rostral structures. The Descending motor network is subdivided
into medial projections from the reticular formation that modulate the gain of
inputs impacting emotional salience, and lateral projections from the
periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus and amygdala that activate characteristic
emotional behaviors. Finally, the brainstem is home to a group of modulatory
neurotransmitter pathways, such as those arising from the raphe nuclei
(serotonergic), ventral tegmental area (dopaminergic) and locus coeruleus
(noradrenergic), which form a Modulatory network that coordinates interactions
between the Ascending and Descending networks. Integration of signaling within
these three networks occurs at all levels of the brainstem, with progressively
more complex forms of integration occurring in the hypothalamus and thalamus.
These intermediary structures, in turn, provide input for the most complex
integrations, which occur in the frontal, insular, cingulate and other regions of
the cerebral cortex. Phylogenetically older brainstem networks inform the
functioning of evolutionarily newer rostral regions, which in turn regulate and
modulate the older structures. Via these bidirectional interactions, the human
brainstem contributes to the evaluation of sensory information and triggers
fixed-action pattern responses that together constitute the finely differentiated
spectrum of possible emotions.