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2015 ; 63
(4
): 1023-37
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Structural and functional hepatocyte polarity and liver disease
#MMPMID26116792
Gissen P
; Arias IM
J Hepatol
2015[Oct]; 63
(4
): 1023-37
PMID26116792
show ga
Hepatocytes form a crucially important cell layer that separates sinusoidal blood
from the canalicular bile. They have a uniquely organized polarity with a basal
membrane facing liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, while one or more apical
poles can contribute to several bile canaliculi jointly with the directly
opposing hepatocytes. Establishment and maintenance of hepatocyte polarity is
essential for many functions of hepatocytes and requires carefully orchestrated
cooperation between cell adhesion molecules, cell junctions, cytoskeleton,
extracellular matrix and intracellular trafficking machinery. The process of
hepatocyte polarization requires energy and, if abnormal, may result in severe
liver disease. A number of inherited disorders affecting tight junction and
intracellular trafficking proteins have been described and demonstrate clinical
and pathophysiological features overlapping those of the genetic cholestatic
liver diseases caused by defects in canalicular ABC transporters. Thus both
structural and functional components contribute to the final hepatocyte polarity
phenotype. Many acquired liver diseases target factors that determine hepatocyte
polarity, such as junctional proteins. Hepatocyte depolarization frequently
occurs but is rarely recognized because hematoxylin-eosin staining does not
identify the bile canaliculus. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these
defects are not well understood. Here we aim to provide an update on the key
factors determining hepatocyte polarity and how it is affected in inherited and
acquired diseases.