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2016 ; 7
(ä): 30995
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Sixteen-year follow-up of childhood avalanche survivors
#MMPMID27534741
Thordardottir EB
; Valdimarsdottir UA
; Hansdottir I
; Hauksdóttir A
; Dyregrov A
; Shipherd JC
; Elklit A
; Resnick H
; Gudmundsdottir B
Eur J Psychotraumatol
2016[]; 7
(ä): 30995
PMID27534741
show ga
BACKGROUND: Every year a substantial number of children are affected by natural
disasters worldwide. However, data are scarce on long-term psychological impact
of natural disasters on children's health. Identifying risk factors and outcomes
associated with the long-term sequelae of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
can provide a gateway to recovery as well as enhancement of preventive measures.
OBJECTIVE: Among childhood avalanche survivors, we aimed to investigate risk
factors for PTSD symptoms and the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES)
and PTSD symptoms in adulthood. METHODS: Childhood survivors (aged 2-19 at the
time of exposure) of two avalanches were identified through nationwide registers
16 years later. The Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale was used to assess current
PTSD symptoms. One-way ANOVA was used to explore PTSD symptoms by background and
trauma-specific factors, as well as associations with current SES. Predictors of
PTSD symptoms were examined by multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS:
Response rate was 66% (108/163). Results from univariate ANOVA analysis revealed
that female sex was associated with PTSD symptoms (F=5.96, p<0.05). When adjusted
for age and sex, PTSD symptoms were associated with lower education (F=7.62,
p<0.001), poor financial status (F=12.21, p<0.001), and unemployment and/or
disability (F=3.04, p<0.05). In a multivariable regression model, when adjusting
for age and sex, lack of social support (t=4.22, p<0.001) and traumatic reactions
of caregivers (t=2.49, p<0.05) in the aftermath of the disaster independently
predicted PTSD 16 years post-trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Lingering PTSD symptoms after
childhood exposure to a disaster may negatively influence socioeconomic
development in adulthood. Strengthening children's support systems post-disaster
may prevent the long-term sequelae of symptoms.