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2012 ; 4
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Signaling in cell differentiation and morphogenesis
#MMPMID22570373
Basson MA
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
2012[Jun]; 4
(6
): ä PMID22570373
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All the information to make a complete, fully functional living organism is
encoded within the genome of the fertilized oocyte. How is this genetic code
translated into the vast array of cellular behaviors that unfold during the
course of embryonic development, as the zygote slowly morphs into a new organism?
Studies over the last 30 years or so have shown that many of these cellular
processes are driven by secreted or membrane-bound signaling molecules.
Elucidating how the genetic code is translated into instructions or signals
during embryogenesis, how signals are generated at the correct time and place and
at the appropriate level, and finally, how these instructions are interpreted and
put into action, are some of the central questions of developmental biology. Our
understanding of the causes of congenital malformations and disease has improved
substantially with the rapid advances in our knowledge of signaling pathways and
their regulation during development. In this article, I review some of the
signaling pathways that play essential roles during embryonic development. These
examples show some of the mechanisms used by cells to receive and interpret
developmental signals. I also discuss how signaling pathways downstream from
these signals are regulated and how they induce specific cellular responses that
ultimately affect cell fate and morphogenesis.