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2015 ; 7
(3
): a017590
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Sexual conflict arising from extrapair matings in birds
#MMPMID25605708
Chaine AS
; Montgomerie R
; Lyon BE
Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol
2015[Jan]; 7
(3
): a017590
PMID25605708
show ga
The discovery that extrapair copulation (EPC) and extrapair paternity (EPP) are
common in birds led to a paradigm shift in our understanding of the evolution of
mating systems. The prevalence of extrapair matings in pair-bonded species sets
the stage for sexual conflict, and a recent focus has been to consider how this
conflict can shape variation in extrapair mating rates. Here, we invert the
causal arrow and consider the consequences of extrapair matings for sexual
conflict. Extrapair matings shift sexual conflict from a simple two-player (male
vs. female) game to a game with three or more players, the nature of which we
illustrate with simple diagrams that highlight the net costs and benefits of
extrapair matings to each player. This approach helps identify the sorts of
traits that might be under selection because of sexual conflict. Whether EPP is
driven primarily by the extrapair male or the within-pair female profoundly
influences which players are in conflict, but the overall pattern of conflict
varies little among different mating systems. Different aspects of conflict are
manifest at different stages of the breeding cycle and can be profitably
considered as distinct episodes of selection caused by conflict. This perspective
is illuminating both because conflict between specific players can change across
episodes and because the traits that evolve to mediate conflict likely differ
between episodes. Although EPP clearly leads to sexual conflict, we suggest that
the link between sexual conflict and multiple paternity might be usefully
understood by examining how deviations from lifetime sexual monogamy influence
sexual conflict.