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2018 ; 8
(13
): 6663-6670
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Sexual cannibalism and population viability
#MMPMID30038765
Fisher AM
; Cornell SJ
; Holwell GI
; Price TAR
Ecol Evol
2018[Jul]; 8
(13
): 6663-6670
PMID30038765
show ga
Some behaviours that typically increase fitness at the individual level may
reduce population persistence, particularly in the face of environmental changes.
Sexual cannibalism is an extreme mating behaviour which typically involves a male
being devoured by the female immediately before, during or after copulation, and
is widespread amongst predatory invertebrates. Although the individual-level
effects of sexual cannibalism are reasonably well understood, very little is
known about the population-level effects. We constructed both a mathematical
model and an individual-based model to predict how sexual cannibalism might
affect population growth rate and extinction risk. We found that in the absence
of any cannibalism-derived fecundity benefit, sexual cannibalism is always
detrimental to population growth rate and leads to a higher population extinction
risk. Increasing the fecundity benefits of sexual cannibalism leads to a
consistently higher population growth rate and likely a lower extinction risk.
However, even if cannibalism-derived fecundity benefits are large, very high
rates of sexual cannibalism (>70%) can still drive the population to negative
growth and potential extinction. Pre-copulatory cannibalism was particularly
damaging for population growth rates and was the main predictor of growth
declining below the replacement rate. Surprisingly, post-copulatory cannibalism
had a largely positive effect on population growth rate when fecundity benefits
were present. This study is the first to formally estimate the population-level
effects of sexual cannibalism. We highlight the detrimental effect sexual
cannibalism may have on population viability if (1) cannibalism rates become
high, and/or (2) cannibalism-derived fecundity benefits become low. Decreased
food availability could plausibly both increase the frequency of cannibalism, and
reduce the fecundity benefit of cannibalism, suggesting that sexual cannibalism
may increase the risk of population collapse in the face of environmental change.
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