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STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia
#MMPMID26860754
Zimmers TA
; Fishel ML
; Bonetto A
Semin Cell Dev Biol
2016[Jun]; 54
(?): 28-41
PMID26860754
show ga
Weight loss is diagnostic of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome contributing
mightily to morbidity and mortality in cancer. Most research has probed
mechanisms leading to muscle atrophy and adipose wasting in cachexia; however
cachexia is a truly systemic phenomenon. Presence of the tumor elicits an
inflammatory response and profound metabolic derangements involving not only
muscle and fat, but also the hypothalamus, liver, heart, blood, spleen and likely
other organs. This global response is orchestrated in part through circulating
cytokines that rise in conditions of cachexia. Exogenous Interleukin-6 (IL6) and
related cytokines can induce most cachexia symptomatology, including muscle and
fat wasting, the acute phase response and anemia, while IL-6 inhibition reduces
muscle loss in cancer. Although mechanistic studies are ongoing, certain of these
cachexia phenotypes have been causally linked to the cytokine-activated
transcription factor, STAT3, including skeletal muscle wasting, cardiac
dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation. Correlative studies implicate STAT3 in
fat wasting and the acute phase response in cancer cachexia. Parallel data in
non-cancer models and disease states suggest both pathological and protective
functions for STAT3 in other organs during cachexia. STAT3 also contributes to
cancer cachexia through enhancing tumorigenesis, metastasis and immune
suppression, particularly in tumors associated with high prevalence of cachexia.
This review examines the evidence linking STAT3 to multi-organ manifestations of
cachexia and the potential and perils for targeting STAT3 to reduce cachexia and
prolong survival in cancer patients.