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2016 ; 18
(9
): ä Nephropedia Template TP
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Roadmap on neurophotonics
#MMPMID28386392
Cho YK
; Zheng G
; Augustine GJ
; Hochbaum D
; Cohen A
; Knöpfel T
; Pisanello F
; Pavone FS
; Vellekoop IM
; Booth MJ
; Hu S
; Zhu J
; Chen Z
; Hoshi Y
J Opt
2016[Sep]; 18
(9
): ä PMID28386392
show ga
Mechanistic understanding of how the brain gives rise to complex behavioral and
cognitive functions is one of science's grand challenges. The technical
challenges that we face as we attempt to gain a systems-level understanding of
the brain are manifold. The brain's structural complexity requires us to push the
limit of imaging resolution and depth, while being able to cover large areas,
resulting in enormous data acquisition and processing needs. Furthermore, it is
necessary to detect functional activities and 'map' them onto the structural
features. The functional activity occurs at multiple levels, using electrical and
chemical signals. Certain electrical signals are only decipherable with
sub-millisecond timescale resolution, while other modes of signals occur in
minutes to hours. For these reasons, there is a wide consensus that new tools are
necessary to undertake this daunting task. Optical techniques, due to their
versatile and scalable nature, have great potentials to answer these challenges.
Optical microscopy can now image beyond the diffraction limit, record multiple
types of brain activity, and trace structural features across large areas of
tissue. Genetically encoded molecular tools opened doors to controlling and
detecting neural activity using light in specific cell types within the intact
brain. Novel sample preparation methods that reduce light scattering have been
developed, allowing whole brain imaging in rodent models. Adaptive optical
methods have the potential to resolve images from deep brain regions. In this
roadmap article, we showcase a few major advances in this area, survey the
current challenges, and identify potential future needs that may be used as a
guideline for the next steps to be taken.
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