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2015 ; 5
(ä): 8242
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Risk sensitivity as an evolutionary adaptation
#MMPMID25649757
Hintze A
; Olson RS
; Adami C
; Hertwig R
Sci Rep
2015[Feb]; 5
(ä): 8242
PMID25649757
show ga
Risk aversion is a common behavior universal to humans and animals alike.
Economists have traditionally defined risk preferences by the curvature of the
utility function. Psychologists and behavioral economists also make use of
concepts such as loss aversion and probability weighting to model risk aversion.
Neurophysiological evidence suggests that loss aversion has its origins in
relatively ancient neural circuitries (e.g., ventral striatum). Could there thus
be an evolutionary origin to risk aversion? We study this question by evolving
strategies that adapt to play the equivalent mean payoff gamble. We hypothesize
that risk aversion in this gamble is beneficial as an adaptation to living in
small groups, and find that a preference for risk averse strategies only evolves
in small populations of less than 1,000 individuals, or in populations segmented
into groups of 150 individuals or fewer - numbers thought to be comparable to
what humans encountered in the past. We observe that risk aversion only evolves
when the gamble is a rare event that has a large impact on the individual's
fitness. As such, we suggest that rare, high-risk, high-payoff events such as
mating and mate competition could have driven the evolution of risk averse
behavior in humans living in small groups.
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