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2016 ; 49
(5
): 329-336
Nephropedia Template TP
Campos LG
; Trindade RA
; Faistauer Â
; Pérez JA
; Vedolin LM
; Duarte JÁ
Radiol Bras
2016[Sep]; 49
(5
): 329-336
PMID27818548
show ga
The term rhombencephalitis refers to inflammatory diseases affecting the
hindbrain (brainstem and cerebellum). Rhombencephalitis has a wide variety of
etiologies, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and paraneoplastic
syndromes. Infection with bacteria of the genus Listeria is the most common cause
of rhombencephalitis. Primary rhombencephalitis caused by infection with Listeria
spp. occurs in healthy young adults. It usually has a biphasic time course with a
flu-like syndrome, followed by brainstem dysfunction; 75% of patients have
cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis, and nearly 100% have an abnormal brain magnetic
resonance imaging scan. However, other possible causes of rhombencephalitis must
be borne in mind. In addition to the clinical aspects, the patterns seen in
magnetic resonance imaging can be helpful in defining the possible cause. Some of
the reported causes of rhombencephalitis are potentially severe and life
threatening; therefore, an accurate initial diagnostic approach is important to
establishing a proper early treatment regimen. This pictorial essay reviews the
various causes of rhombencephalitis and the corresponding magnetic resonance
imaging findings, by describing illustrative confirmed cases.
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