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2016 ; 7
(ä): 28
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Reproductive Neuroendocrine Pathways of Social Behavior
#MMPMID27065948
Parhar IS
; Ogawa S
; Ubuka T
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)
2016[]; 7
(ä): 28
PMID27065948
show ga
Social behaviors are key components of reproduction, because they are essential
for successful fertilization. Social behaviors, such as courtship, mating, and
aggression, are strongly associated with sex steroids, such as testosterone,
estradiol, and progesterone. Secretion of sex steroids from the gonads is
regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in vertebrates.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a pivotal hypothalamic neuropeptide that
stimulates gonadotropin release from the pituitary. In recent years, the role of
neuropeptides containing the C-terminal Arg-Phe-NH2 (RFamide peptides) has been
emphasized in vertebrate reproduction. In particular, two key RFamide peptides,
kisspeptin and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), emerged as critical
accelerator and suppressor of gonadotropin secretion. Kisspeptin stimulates GnRH
release by directly acting on GnRH neurons, whereas GnIH inhibits gonadotropin
release by inhibiting kisspeptin, GnRH neurons, or pituitary gonadotropes. These
neuropeptides can regulate social behavior by regulating the HPG axis. However,
distribution of neuronal fibers of GnRH, kisspeptin, and GnIH neurons is not
limited within the hypothalamus, and the existence of extrahypothalamic neuronal
fibers suggests direct control of social behavior within the brain. It has
traditionally been shown that central administration of GnRH can stimulate female
sexual behavior in rats. Recently, it was shown that Kiss1, one of the paralogs
of kisspeptin peptide family, regulates fear responses in zebrafish and GnIH
inhibits sociosexual behavior in birds. Here, we highlight recent findings
regarding the role of GnRH, kisspeptin, and GnIH in the regulation of social
behaviors in fish, birds, and mammals and discuss their importance in future
biological and biomedical research.
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