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2014 ; 262
(1
): 167-78
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Regulation and consequences of monocytosis
#MMPMID25319334
Dutta P
; Nahrendorf M
Immunol Rev
2014[Nov]; 262
(1
): 167-78
PMID25319334
show ga
Monocytes are part of the vertebrate innate immune system. Blood monocytes are
produced by bone marrow and splenic progenitors that derive from hematopoietic
stem cells (HSCs). In cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and
myocardial infarction, HSCs proliferate at higher levels that in turn increase
production of hematopoietic cells, including monocytes. Once produced in
hematopoietic niches, monocytes intravasate blood vessels, circulate, and migrate
to sites of inflammation. Monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic plaque and the
ischemic heart depends on various chemokines, such as CCL2, CX3 CL1, and CCL5.
Once in tissue, monocytes can differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells.
Macrophages are end effector cells that regulate the steady state and tissue
healing, but they can also promote disease. At sites of inflammation, monocytes
and macrophages produce inflammatory cytokines, which can exacerbate disease
progression. Macrophages can also phagocytose tissue debris and produce
pro-healing cytokines. Additionally, macrophages are antigen-presenting cells and
can prime T cells. The tissue environment, including cytokines and types of
inflammation, instructs macrophage specialization. Understanding monocytosis and
its consequences in disease will reveal new therapeutic opportunities without
compromising steady state functions.
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