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2014 ; 21
(9
): 1373-88
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Redox regulation in plant immune function
#MMPMID24206122
Frederickson Matika DE
; Loake GJ
Antioxid Redox Signal
2014[Sep]; 21
(9
): 1373-88
PMID24206122
show ga
SIGNIFICANCE: Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen
species (RNS) occurs rapidly in response to attempted pathogen invasion of
potential host plants. Such reduction-oxidation (redox) changes are sensed and
transmitted to engage immune function, including the hypersensitive response, a
programmed execution of challenged plant cells. RECENT ADVANCES: Pathogen
elicitors trigger changes in calcium that are sensed by calmodulin,
calmodulin-like proteins, and calcium-dependent protein kinases, which activate
ROS and RNS production. The ROS and RNS production is compartmentalized within
the cell and occurs through multiple routes. Mitogen-activated protein kinase
(MAPK) cascades are engaged upstream and downstream of ROS and nitric oxide (NO)
production. NO is increasingly recognized as a key signaling molecule, regulating
downstream protein function through S-nitrosylation, the addition of an NO moiety
to a reactive cysteine thiol. CRITICAL ISSUES: How multiple sources of ROS and
RNS are coordinated is unclear. The putative protein sensors that detect and
translate fluxes in ROS and RNS into differential gene expression are obscure.
Protein tyrosine nitration following reaction of peroxynitrite with tyrosine
residues has been proposed as another signaling mechanism or as a marker leading
to protein degradation, but the reversibility remains to be established. FUTURE
DIRECTIONS: Research is needed to identify the full spectrum of NO-modified
proteins with special emphasis on redox-activated transcription factors and their
cognate target genes. A systems approach will be required to uncover the
complexities integral to redox regulation of MAPK cascades, transcription
factors, and defense genes through the combined effects of calcium,
phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, and protein tyrosine nitration.
|Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
[MESH]
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