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2016 ; 5
(ä): ä Nephropedia Template TP
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English Wikipedia
Recent advances in understanding apicomplexan parasites
#MMPMID27347391
Seeber F
; Steinfelder S
F1000Res
2016[]; 5
(ä): ä PMID27347391
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Intracellular single-celled parasites belonging to the large phylum Apicomplexa
are amongst the most prevalent and morbidity-causing pathogens worldwide. In this
review, we highlight a few of the many recent advances in the field that helped
to clarify some important aspects of their fascinating biology and interaction
with their hosts. Plasmodium falciparum causes malaria, and thus the recent
emergence of resistance against the currently used drug combinations based on
artemisinin has been of major interest for the scientific community. It resulted
in great advances in understanding the resistance mechanisms that can hopefully
be translated into altered future drug regimens. Apicomplexa are also experts in
host cell manipulation and immune evasion. Toxoplasma gondii and Theileria sp.,
besides Plasmodium sp., are species that secrete effector molecules into the host
cell to reach this aim. The underlying molecular mechanisms for how these
proteins are trafficked to the host cytosol ( T. gondii and Plasmodium) and how a
secreted protein can immortalize the host cell ( Theileria sp.) have been
illuminated recently. Moreover, how such secreted proteins affect the host innate
immune responses against T. gondii and the liver stages of Plasmodium has also
been unraveled at the genetic and molecular level, leading to unexpected
insights. Methodological advances in metabolomics and molecular biology have been
instrumental to solving some fundamental puzzles of mitochondrial carbon
metabolism in Apicomplexa. Also, for the first time, the generation of stably
transfected Cryptosporidium parasites was achieved, which opens up a wide variety
of experimental possibilities for this understudied, important apicomplexan
pathogen.