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2016 ; 3
(9
): 451-475
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Recent Insights into the HIV/AIDS Pandemic
#MMPMID28357381
Becerra JC
; Bildstein LS
; Gach JS
Microb Cell
2016[Sep]; 3
(9
): 451-475
PMID28357381
show ga
Etiology, transmission and protection: Transmission of HIV, the causative agent
of AIDS, occurs predominantly through bodily fluids. Factors that significantly
alter the risk of HIV transmission include male circumcision, condom use, high
viral load, and the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases.
Pathology/Symptomatology: HIV infects preferentially CD4(+) T lymphocytes, and
Monocytes. Because of their central role in regulating the immune response,
depletion of CD4(+) T cells renders the infected individual incapable of
adequately responding to microorganisms otherwise inconsequential. Epidemiology,
incidence and prevalence: New HIV infections affect predominantly young
heterosexual women and homosexual men. While the mortality rates of AIDS related
causes have decreased globally in recent years due to the use of highly active
antiretroviral therapy (HAART) treatment, a vaccine remains an elusive goal.
Treatment and curability: For those afflicted HIV infection remains a serious
illness. Nonetheless, the use of advanced therapeutics have transformed a dire
scenario into a chronic condition with near average life spans. When to apply
those remedies appears to be as important as the remedies themselves. The high
rate of HIV replication and the ability to generate variants are central to the
viral survival strategy and major barriers to be overcome. Molecular mechanisms
of infection: In this review, we assemble new details on the molecular events
from the attachment of the virus, to the assembly and release of the viral
progeny. Yet, much remains to be learned as understanding of the molecular
mechanisms used in viral replication and the measures engaged in the evasion of
immune surveillance will be important to develop effective interventions to
address the global HIV pandemic.
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