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2015 ; 368
(2
): 238-45
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Radiation takes its Toll
#MMPMID25819030
Ratikan JA
; Micewicz ED
; Xie MW
; Schaue D
Cancer Lett
2015[Nov]; 368
(2
): 238-45
PMID25819030
show ga
The ability to recognize and respond to universal molecular patterns on invading
microorganisms allows our immune system to stay on high alert, sensing danger to
our self-integrity. Our own damaged cells and tissues in pathological situations
activate similar warning systems as microbes. In this way, the body is able to
mount a response that is appropriate to the danger. Toll-like receptors are at
the heart of this pattern recognition system that initiates innate pro-oxidant,
pro-inflammatory signaling cascades and ultimately bridges recognition of danger
to adaptive immunity. The acute inflammatory lesions that are formed segue into
resolution of inflammation, repair and healing or, more dysfunctionally, into
chronic inflammation, autoimmunity, excessive tissue damage and carcinogenesis.
Redox is at the nexus of this decision making process and is the point at which
ionizing radiation initially intercepts to trigger similar responses to
self-damage. In this review we discuss our current understanding of how
radiation-damaged cells interact with Toll-like receptors and how the immune
systems interprets these radiation-induced danger signals in the context of
whole-body exposures and during local tumor irradiation.