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2017 ; 10
(ä): 85-94
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RAI1 gene mutations: mechanisms of Smith-Magenis syndrome
#MMPMID29138588
Falco M
; Amabile S
; Acquaviva F
Appl Clin Genet
2017[]; 10
(ä): 85-94
PMID29138588
show ga
Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS; OMIM #182290) is a complex genetic disorder
characterized by distinctive physical features, developmental delay, cognitive
impairment, and a typical behavioral phenotype. SMS is caused by interstitial
17p11.2 deletions, encompassing multiple genes and including the retinoic
acid-induced 1 gene (RAI1), or by mutations in RAI1 itself. About 10% of all the
SMS patients, in fact, carry an RAI1 mutation responsible for the phenotype. RAI1
(OMIM *607642) is a dosage-sensitive gene expressed in many tissues and highly
conserved among species. Over the years, several studies have demonstrated that
RAI1 (or its homologs in animal models) acts as a transcriptional factor
implicated in embryonic neurodevelopment, neuronal differentiation, cell growth
and cell cycle regulation, bone and skeletal development, lipid and glucose
metabolisms, behavioral functions, and circadian activity. Patients with RAI1
pathogenic variants show some phenotypic differences when compared to those
carrying the typical deletion. They usually have lower incidence of hypotonia and
less cognitive impairment than those with 17p11.2 deletions but more frequently
show the behavioral characteristics of the syndrome and overeating issues. These
differences reflect the primary pathogenetic role of RAI1 without the
pathogenetic contribution of the other genes included in the typical 17p11.2
deletion. The better comprehension of physiological roles of RAI1, its molecular
co-workers and interactors, and its contribution in determining the typical SMS
phenotype will certainly open a new path for therapeutic interventions.