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2016 ; 42
(13
): 1056-1078
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QM/MM free energy simulations: recent progress and challenges
#MMPMID27563170
Lu X
; Fang D
; Ito S
; Okamoto Y
; Ovchinnikov V
; Cui Q
Mol Simul
2016[]; 42
(13
): 1056-1078
PMID27563170
show ga
Due to the higher computational cost relative to pure molecular mechanical (MM)
simulations, hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) free energy
simulations particularly require a careful consideration of balancing
computational cost and accuracy. Here we review several recent developments in
free energy methods most relevant to QM/MM simulations and discuss several topics
motivated by these developments using simple but informative examples that
involve processes in water. For chemical reactions, we highlight the value of
invoking enhanced sampling technique (e.g., replica-exchange) in umbrella
sampling calculations and the value of including collective environmental
variables (e.g., hydration level) in metadynamics simulations; we also illustrate
the sensitivity of string calculations, especially free energy along the path, to
various parameters in the computation. Alchemical free energy simulations with a
specific thermodynamic cycle are used to probe the effect of including the first
solvation shell into the QM region when computing solvation free energies. For
cases where high-level QM/MM potential functions are needed, we analyze two
different approaches: the QM/MM-MFEP method of Yang and co-workers and
perturbative correction to low-level QM/MM free energy results. For the examples
analyzed here, both approaches seem productive although care needs to be
exercised when analyzing the perturbative corrections.