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2015 ; 3
(5
): 663-674
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Pretraumatic Stress Reactions in Soldiers Deployed to Afghanistan
#MMPMID26366328
Berntsen D
; Rubin DC
Clin Psychol Sci
2015[Sep]; 3
(5
): 663-674
PMID26366328
show ga
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder is a diagnosis related to the past. Pre-traumatic
stress reactions, as measured by intrusive involuntary images of possible future
stressful events and their associated avoidance and increased arousal, have been
overlooked in the PTSD literature. Here we introduce a scale that measures
pre-traumatic stress reactions providing a clear future-oriented parallel to the
posttraumatic stress reactions described in the diagnostic criteria for PTSD. We
apply this pre-traumatic stress reactions checklist (PreCL) to Danish soldiers
before, during, and after deployment to Afghanistan. The PreCL has good internal
consistency and is highly correlated with a standard measure of PTSD symptoms.
The PreCL as answered before the soldiers' deployment significantly predicted
level of PTSD symptoms during and after their deployment, while controlling for
baseline PTSD symptoms and combat exposure measured during and after deployment.
The findings have implications for the conceptualization of PTSD, screening, and
treatment.