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2016 ; 5
(ä): 342
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Pragmatics in language change and lexical creativity
#MMPMID27066361
Allan K
Springerplus
2016[]; 5
(ä): 342
PMID27066361
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This essay examines language change and linguistic creativity as revealed by
remodelling, especially as a source for euphemisms and euphemistic dysphemisms
and as a function of verbal play. Within the scope of this essay, there are
predominantly two ways in which novel terms and expressions are created leading
to language change: formally through remodelling and semantically through
figurative language. Consider some of the words for nakedness. There is the
orthophemistic term nude, from Latin nudus, often used of photographic or painted
representations of naked women and, much more rarely, of a naked man-hence the
marked term male nude. Whether a nude is artistic or pornographic depends on the
viewer belief. A colloquial Australian euphemism for being in the nude is in the
nuddie. Other euphemisms include as nature intended, in one's birthday suit, in
the altogether, and in the buff (?buff[alo] leather, buff skin transferred to
humans). Being naked is captured by the dysphemism bare-arsed and the more
euphemistic butt / buck naked in which buck ? butt. The orthophemistic term stark
naked and the connected colloquial euphemism starkers also arose by replacing a
final /t/ with a /k/: stark ? start "tail, arse". Nudists like to go about in the
open air without clothes on and, being as nature intended when in natural
surroundings, are euphemistically called naturists. Such expressions display
folk-culture in a remarkable inventiveness of metaphor and figurative language
sourced in the perceived characteristics of whatever is being talked about. For
instance, terms for tabooed objects and events provide ready-made material for
the dysphemistic language of curses, insults, epithets, and expletives. The essay
shows that X-phemisms (orthophemisms and/or euphemisms and/or dysphemisms) are
motivated by a speaker/writer's want to be seen to take a certain stance by
upgrading, downgrading, obfuscating, and deceiving; and they extensively manifest
indulgence in verbal play. Although the discussion focuses on English, the
categories illustrated occur across the world's languages, and many of them are
significant for the study of language change.
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