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2017 ; 12
(9
): e0182466
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Placebo can enhance creativity
#MMPMID28892513
Rozenkrantz L
; Mayo AE
; Ilan T
; Hart Y
; Noy L
; Alon U
PLoS One
2017[]; 12
(9
): e0182466
PMID28892513
show ga
BACKGROUND: The placebo effect is usually studied in clinical settings for
decreasing negative symptoms such as pain, depression and anxiety. There is
interest in exploring the placebo effect also outside the clinic, for enhancing
positive aspects of performance or cognition. Several studies indicate that
placebo can enhance cognitive abilities including memory, implicit learning and
general knowledge. Here, we ask whether placebo can enhance creativity, an
important aspect of human cognition. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned to
a control group who smelled and rated an odorant (n = 45), and a placebo group
who were treated identically but were also told that the odorant increases
creativity and reduces inhibitions (n = 45). Subjects completed a recently
developed automated test for creativity, the creative foraging game (CFG), and a
randomly chosen subset (n = 57) also completed two manual standardized creativity
tests, the alternate uses test (AUT) and the Torrance test (TTCT). In all three
tests, participants were asked to create as many original solutions and were
scored for originality, flexibility and fluency. RESULTS: The placebo group
showed higher originality than the control group both in the CFG (p<0.04, effect
size = 0.5) and in the AUT (p<0.05, effect size = 0.4), but not in the Torrance
test. The placebo group also found more shapes outside of the standard categories
found by a set of 100 CFG players in a previous study, a feature termed
out-of-the-boxness (p<0.01, effect size = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: The findings
indicate that placebo can enhance the originality aspect of creativity. This
strengthens the view that placebo can be used not only to reduce negative
clinical symptoms, but also to enhance positive aspects of cognition.
Furthermore, we find that the impact of placebo on creativity can be tested by
CFG, which can quantify multiple aspects of creative search without need for
manual coding. This approach opens the way to explore the behavioral and neural
mechanisms by which placebo might amplify creativity.
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