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2015 ; 128
(22
): 4039-45
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Photoreceptors at a glance
#MMPMID26574505
Molday RS
; Moritz OL
J Cell Sci
2015[Nov]; 128
(22
): 4039-45
PMID26574505
show ga
Retinal photoreceptor cells contain a specialized outer segment (OS) compartment
that functions in the capture of light and its conversion into electrical signals
in a process known as phototransduction. In rods, photoisomerization of 11-cis to
all-trans retinal within rhodopsin triggers a biochemical cascade culminating in
the closure of cGMP-gated channels and hyperpolarization of the cell. Biochemical
reactions return the cell to its 'dark state' and the visual cycle converts
all-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal for rhodopsin regeneration. OS are
continuously renewed, with aged membrane removed at the distal end by
phagocytosis and new membrane added at the proximal end through OS disk
morphogenesis linked to protein trafficking. The molecular basis for disk
morphogenesis remains to be defined in detail although several models have been
proposed, and molecular mechanisms underlying protein trafficking are under
active investigation. The aim of this Cell Science at a Glance article and the
accompanying poster is to highlight our current understanding of photoreceptor
structure, phototransduction, the visual cycle, OS renewal, protein trafficking
and retinal degenerative diseases.
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