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Phosphine toxicity: a story of disrupted mitochondrial metabolism
#MMPMID27219283
Sciuto AM
; Wong BJ
; Martens ME
; Hoard-Fruchey H
; Perkins MW
Ann N Y Acad Sci
2016[Jun]; 1374
(1
): 41-51
PMID27219283
show ga
Rodenticides and pesticides pose a significant threat not only to the environment
but also directly to humans by way of accidental and/or intentional exposure.
Metal phosphides, such as aluminum, magnesium, and zinc phosphides, have gained
popularity owing to ease of manufacture and application. These agents and their
hydrolysis by-product phosphine gas (PH3 ) are more than adequate for eliminating
pests, primarily in the grain storage industry. In addition to the potential for
accidental exposures in the manufacture and use of these agents, intentional
exposures must also be considered. As examples, ingestion of metal phosphides is
a well-known suicide route, especially in Asia; and intentional release of PH3 in
a populated area cannot be discounted. Metal phosphides cause a wide array of
effects that include cellular poisoning, oxidative stress, cholinesterase
inhibition, circulatory failure, cardiotoxicity, gastrointestinal and pulmonary
toxicity, hepatic damage, neurological toxicity, electrolyte imbalance, and
overall metabolic disturbances. Mortality rates often exceed 70%. There are no
specific antidotes against metal phosphide poisoning. Current therapeutic
intervention is limited to supportive care. The development of beneficial medical
countermeasures will rely on investigative mechanistic toxicology; the ultimate
goal will be to identify specific treatments and therapeutic windows for
intervention.
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