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2016 ; 42
(3
): 303-10
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Pharmacological adjuncts to stop bleeding: options and effectiveness
#MMPMID26660675
Panteli M
; Pountos I
; Giannoudis PV
Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg
2016[Jun]; 42
(3
): 303-10
PMID26660675
show ga
Severe trauma and massive haemorrhage represent the leading cause of death and
disability in patients under the age of 45 years in the developed world. Even
though much advancement has been made in our understanding of the pathophysiology
and management of trauma, outcomes from massive haemorrhage remain poor. This can
be partially explained by the development of coagulopathy, acidosis and
hypothermia, a pathological process collectively known as the "lethal triad" of
trauma. A number of pharmacological adjuncts have been utilised to stop bleeding,
with a wide variation in the safety and efficacy profiles. Antifibrinolytic
agents in particular, act by inhibiting the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin,
therefore decreasing the degree of fibrinolysis. Tranexamic acid, the most
commonly used antifibrinolytic agent, has been successfully incorporated into
most trauma management protocols effectively reducing mortality and morbidity
following trauma. In this review, we discuss the current literature with regard
to the management of haemorrhage following trauma, with a special reference to
the use of pharmacological adjuncts. Novel insights, concepts and treatment
modalities are also discussed.