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2017 ; 11
(4
): 1029-1042
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Phage-inducible islands in the Gram-positive cocci
#MMPMID27959343
Martínez-Rubio R
; Quiles-Puchalt N
; Martí M
; Humphrey S
; Ram G
; Smyth D
; Chen J
; Novick RP
; Penadés JR
ISME J
2017[Apr]; 11
(4
): 1029-1042
PMID27959343
show ga
The SaPIs are a cohesive subfamily of extremely common phage-inducible
chromosomal islands (PICIs) that reside quiescently at specific att sites in the
staphylococcal chromosome and are induced by helper phages to excise and
replicate. They are usually packaged in small capsids composed of phage virion
proteins, giving rise to very high transfer frequencies, which they enhance by
interfering with helper phage reproduction. As the SaPIs represent a highly
successful biological strategy, with many natural Staphylococcus aureus strains
containing two or more, we assumed that similar elements would be widespread in
the Gram-positive cocci. On the basis of resemblance to the paradigmatic SaPI
genome, we have readily identified large cohesive families of similar elements in
the lactococci and pneumococci/streptococci plus a few such elements in
Enterococcus faecalis. Based on extensive ortholog analyses, we found that the
PICI elements in the four different genera all represent distinct but parallel
lineages, suggesting that they represent convergent evolution towards a highly
successful lifestyle. We have characterized in depth the enterococcal element,
EfCIV583, and have shown that it very closely resembles the SaPIs in
functionality as well as in genome organization, setting the stage for expansion
of the study of elements of this type. In summary, our findings greatly broaden
the PICI family to include elements from at least three genera of cocci.