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2017 ; 8
(4
): 150-160
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Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology
#MMPMID29184701
Gassler N
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol
2017[Nov]; 8
(4
): 150-160
PMID29184701
show ga
Small intestinal mucosa is characterised by villus forming connective tissues
with highly specialised surface lining epithelial cells essentially contributing
to the establishment of the intestinal border. In order to perform these diverse
functions, spatially distinct compartments of epithelial differentiation are
found along the crypt-villus axis, including Paneth cells as a highly specialised
cell type. Paneth cells locate in crypts and assist undifferentiated columnar
cells, called crypt base columnar cells, and rapidly amplifying cells in the
regeneration of absorptive and secretory cell types. There is some evidence that
Paneth cells are involved in the configuration and function of the stem cell zone
as well as intestinal morphogenesis and crypt fission. However, the flow of
Paneth cells to crypt bottoms requires strong Wnt signalling guided by EphB3 and
partially antagonised by Notch. In addition, mature Paneth cells are essential
for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides including
?-defensins/cryptdins. These antimicrobials are physiologically involved in
shaping the composition of the microbiome. The autophagy related 16-like 1
(ATG16L1) is a genetic risk factor and is involved in the exocytosis pathway of
Paneth cells as well as a linker molecule to PPAR signalling and lipid
metabolism. There is evidence that injuries of Paneth cells are involved in the
etiopathogenesis of different intestinal diseases. The review provides an
overview of the key points of Paneth cell activities in intestinal physiology and
pathophysiology.
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